Pre lithiation strategies for lithium battery – semco university

Introduction

During the first cycle of the battery, there are processes such as the formation of negative electrode sei, the deactivation of negative electrode material particles due to falling off, and the irreversible deposition of lithium metal, which consumes the energy of the positive electrode. Active lithium, reducing the available energy of the battery. Lithium supplementation technology (Pre Lithiation Strategies for Lithium Battery) is used to pre-compensate for the loss of active lithium during the first cycle of charge and discharge.

• Increase the reversible capacity of the battery in the first week, increase actual battery energy density.
• Realize the pre-expansion of the negative electrode material volume, reduce the cracking and polarization of material particles during the lithium intercalation process, and improve the mechanical stability and cyclability of the negative electrode
• Some lithium-replenishment techniques can form artificial sei films, which can replace the chemical formation step of the battery.

Definition: By increasing the content of the active lithium source, pre-compensation loss of active lithium during the first week of charge and discharge

Factors to consider for pre-lithiation:

• The degree of pre-lithiation, over-lithiation will cause Li dendrites, matching with cathode materials (especially those without Li source)
• In addition to Li, are there any other inactive residual substances in the decomposition products of the pre lithiation reagent? thereby reducing the battery.
• Pre-lithiation time, too long will increase production cost
• Compatibility between pre-lithiation process and existing battery production process
• The price of lithiation reagent

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Negative pre-lithiation (Chemical Method)

Lithium Sheet

The negative electrode is in direct contact with the lithium foil. In the electrolyte environment, the lithium foil is in contact with the negative material potential difference leading to a directional movement of the electron flow, the li generated in the lithium foil + released. In the electrolyte, in order to maintain the charge balance, the li in the electrolyte + insert/embedded in the negative electrode material.

Inert Lithium Powder (FMC Lithium Corp.)

Lithium powder is unstable in air; therefore, a layer of Li is coated on its surface ₂CO₃, significantly improving its performance in dry air stability. Activation process: pressure is applied to inert lithium powder, Li₂CO₃The layer is broken, so that the inner Li powder and the outer. The electrode active material and electrolyte come into contact with each other.

Method 1: Spread inert lithium powder particles on the surface of the electrode
Method 2: Disperse the inert lithium powder particles in a non-polar solvent to form a suspension, and spray evenly on the surface of the electrode with a spray gun

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Insert Lithium Powder

Method 3: Mix inert lithium powder into the electrode slurry.

Summary

	Lithium foil	Lithium powder
Specification	Thickness≈100 -200μm	Particles ≈ 10-100 μm, the surface is usually
Advantage	Cheap	The degree of lithiation is controllableLithium powder can be completely dissolved in the electrode, no need takes out.
Disadvantages	The degree of lithiation is not easy to controlLithium foil needs to be removed before battery assembly, unlike existing Commercial production process is not compatible	ExpensiveLight density and poor dispersion in electrodesChemically unstable, it needs to be used in non-polar solvents and use in dry air
Dynamics	The surface of the lithium foil has a microporous structure and the thinner the thicknessHelps electrolyte infiltration and shortens lithiation time	Faster lithiation kinetics

Li-organic Complex Solution

Due to the strong electron affinity of naphthalene, lithium metal can be dissolved in ether-based solvents, forming into [Li+-Naphthalene-] complex solution with lower reduction potential for lithiation negative electrode material. Principle: The electrons of naphthalene are transferred to the negative electrode material, as compensation, Li₊ into the negative electrode material. Naphthalene as Electron Transfer Catalyst.

• Naphthalene can be replaced by biphenyl etc.
• Methyl butyl ether can be replaced with other ether-based solvents such as THF, and the solvent has a great influence on the lithiation rate
• SiO can be replaced with LTO, SnO, P, etc.

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Lithium Anode Material

The negative electrode material is reacted with molten lithium or ball-milled with lithium to obtain a lithiated negative electrode material. Then coat the surface, Improve its stability in dry air. Add it to the negative electrode slurry to lithiated the negative electrode.

Highly Reactive with Air

Li_x Advantages of Si nanoparticles:

• The potential is very low, and almost all anode materials can be lithiated
• High lithiation efficiency (4200 mAh g for Si-1, Li4.4Si is 2000 mAh g-1)
• Nanoscale size facilitates uniform dispersion in anode, accelerating lithiation kinetics
• No need to change the original battery production process, there is the potential for mass production.

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In slurries in different solvents, Li_xSi-Li₂First Week DE lithiation of O

LixSi to carbonyl carbon nucleophilic attack strong ability

• Li_xSi is not compatible with polar solvents such as NMP and DEC
• Li_xSi is compatible with non-polar solvents such as DOL ethers and toluene
• PVDF can only be dissolved in DOL, so DOL is used as the solvent for the slurry

Li₂O Coated Li_xSi

• Li_xSi-Li₂The pre-lithiation capacity of O is 1310 mAh g-1,
• Li_xSi-Li2The lithium storage capacity of O is only 1710mAh g-1(Li_xSi-Li₂O<Li₄.₄Si < Si), Description Li_xA large part of the capacity of Si irreversibly consumed to form Li₂O passivation layer.

Artificial SEI Coated Li_xSi

• Than LixSi-Li2O, artificial SEI-coated LixSi has higher stability and stronger lithiation ability.
• Fluorinated decane molecules have a long-chain structure like surfactants, so they can be dissolved in non-polar solvents (LixSi can also exist stably), and in Li_x Reduction and decomposition of Si surface to form artificial SEI protective film.
• Adjust the concentration of fluorinated decane solution and adjust the thickness of SEI film.

1. Li_x one electron of SI is transferred to CF of 1-fluorodecane, forming C radical and F-, the second electron makes C free radicals are converted into C negative ions.
2. Alkyl lithium is extremely volatile and can spontaneously interact with trace O in the glove box.₂and CO₂ react, produce Lithium Decyl Carbonate.

• OCV drops to 0.27 V, indicating lithiation
• Voltage plateau at 0.4 V, demonstrating that Li_x Crystal Properties of Si
• Li after coating with artificial SEI_xSi capacity reduction10%, which proves that approximately 10% of active lithium is consumed to form SEI. However, the package Li_xSi is only used as anode additive, so its capacity loss is negligible.

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Chemical Stability Test

• Li_xSi is less stable in dry air
• The artificial SEI-coated Li_xSi has better stability in dry air, and the capacity decays only negligibly after 5 days.
• Exist 10% Under humidity (similar to the industrial production environment of batteries), the coated Li_xSi still has higher capacity.

• Li_xSi-Li_xN_ySi_z10th charging capacity of 2808mAh g_-1
• With N2Passivated LixSi surface, coating Li_xN_ySi_z The higher the N content, the higher the Li_x The higher the stability of Si,
• Li_xN_ySi_zSi is electrochemically inert, and the higher the Si content, the more LixSi-Li_xN_ySi_z the lower the capacity.

Chemical Stability Test

Crystallinity Significantly affects the stability of the material. The higher the crystallinity of the coating matrix or coating, the better the chemical stability. Exist high temperature, the high crystallinity Li formed ₂O substrate, with the normal temperature Amorphous Li formed under₂O compared to (core shell Li in the structure₂O), denser, can prevent side reactions with air.

Chemical Stability Test

Molten Lithium

Li_x The stability of Si/graphene embedded structure is better than that of Li_xSi/Li₂O embedded junction structure, thanks to the hydrophobicity and gas impermeability of the surface graphene layer Li_x Electrochemical performance of Si/graphene anodes.

• Li_x The Si/graphene composite was used as the anode material, and the lithium-containing cathode (LiFePO₄) and Li-free cathodes (high-capacity S and V₂O₅) to match the full battery,
• The first-week efficiency, cycle stability, and rate performance were improved, respectively, thanks to the pre-lithiation of the negative electrode; the negative electrode material Pre-expansion of material volume; ultra-high conductivity of graphene.

Summary

Li-OH at High Temperature

• ¼ of SiO transforms into Li₄SiO₄, library 11% increase in efficiency,
• Increased capacity retention,
• Li₄SiO₄ electrochemically inactive, Can Inverse capacity reduction.

Thermally Evaporated Lithium

There are three types of products:

• Reversible Li
• Non-dischargeable Li, Li-Si alloys
• Irreversible Lithium in the Inactive Phase

Li was placed in a Ta boat, heated under vacuum, and Li evaporation was controlled by measuring Li deposited on Cu can better control the degree of lithiation.

Anode Pre-lithiation – Summary of Chemical Methods

• Control the degree of lithiation by adjusting the reaction time or the concentration of the lithiation reagent,
• Lithium reagents have high reactivity, and some even have potential safety hazards. The reaction conditions are harsh (dry air, non-polar solvents),
• Compatibility with commercial production processes needs to be improved,

Negative Pre-lithiation (Electrochemical Method)

Anode Material and Li-Sheet Assembled Battery:

• After lithiation is achieved, it involves battery disassembly and reassembly,
• Electrolyte volatilization problem,
• Cathode Additives,
• Over lithiated cathode material,

Cathode Additives

During the first week of charging, the excess Li in the positive electrode additive will migrate to the negative electrode, compensating for the loss of active lithium in the negative electrode.

• The irreversible lithium release process of the additive should be within the working potential range of the positive electrode,
• The additive should have a high specific capacity to ensure efficient pre-lithiation,
• Additives should be compatible with NMP, air and existing battery production processes,
• The chemical, electrochemical, thermal and mechanical stability of the product after the lithium release of the additive is good 37.

• Li₃N capacity ≈ 1400 mAh g-1,
• Li₃N oxidative decomposition without residue: Li₃N → N₂+ Li,
• Li₃N ions are conductive but electronically insulating. When dispersed as an additive inside the electrode, it affects the rate performance,
• Li₃N coating on the electrode surface has no effect on the rate performance,
• Li₃N is stable in dry air and reacts with polar solvents (Li₃N + H₂O → Li-OH + NH₃),
• Li₃The N particles are too large to exert electrochemical activity and need to be ground.

Li₂S/Co Complex

• The complex can fix the intermediate polysulfide and prevent it from irreversibly reacting with the carbonate electrolyte,
• The composite exhibits good air stability.

• Li₂The charge capacity of the S/Co composite is 711 mAh g-1, the discharge capacity above 2.5 V is only 13 mAh g-1,
• Charging response: Co + 2Li₂S → CoS₂+ 4Li++4e-
• The lithiation voltage is at 2.5 V, within the working voltage of the cathode material, and the release of lithium is an irreversible process,

• Chemical preparation: CoF₃+ 3Li → Co + 3LiF,
• Co nanoparticles are uniformly embedded in the LiF matrix,

• The transformation mechanism releases lithium: Co + 3LiF → CoF₃+ 3Li₊+ 3e-,
• Lithium release capacity 516 mAh g_-1,

• Chemical preparation of Li₂O/Co: Co3O₄+ 8Li → 3Co + 4Li₂O,
• When the Co particles are larger, the composites exhibit higher charging voltage and less capacity, indicating that the larger Co particles will lead to Li2Poor contact between O and Co particles,
• Nanoscale Li₂O/Co capacity of 619 mAh g_-1, conversion reaction: 3Co + 4Li₂O → Co₃O₄+ 8Li₊+ 8e-, but Co3O4Residues not only add weight, but also cause side reactions,
• Li₂O₂→ Li + O₂
• Transition metals Ni, Co and Mn in NCM can catalyze Li₂O₂oxidative decomposition,
• NMC particles need to be ball milled to a smaller particle size to help Li₂O₂decomposition, however the electrochemical performance of smaller particle size NMC is poor, reversibility is poor, and inactive residues are produced.

• Li₂NiO₂The first week of lithium insertion capacity is 340mAh g-₁, de-lithiation capacity 83mAh g_-1
• After the second week, Li₂NiO₂Delithiation capacity 76 mAh g-1, and thus can also partially act as an active material
• Li₂NiO₂Instability in air, using Al₂O₃cladding
• wt.%Li₂NiO₂can compensate LiCoO₂First week irreversible capacity loss for graphite

• Li₅FeO₄The theoretical capacity of 867 mAh g-1,
• 7wt% Li₅FeO₄can compensate LiC_oO₂/Hard carbon first week irreversible capacity loss,
• Li₂NiO₂with air moisture and CO₂ reaction,

• Lithium salts all have 300-600 mAh g_-1ofTheoretical capacity, working voltage is 3 – 4V
• Oxidative decomposition without residue, generating Li and gas N₂, CO₂
  Has not yet been applied to batteries? 

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Summary of Cathode Additives

• In terms of capacity, binary additives are generally larger than ternary additives, except for Li₅FeO₄ outside.
• Focus on the residues after decomposition, especially inactive substances.

Lithium over-intercalated cathode material with LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4For example, the 4.7V platform corresponds to its Tetrahedral site Lithium extraction/intercalation. 2.7V will further, Lithium intercalation, Li₊ will embed 16c octahedral site, form o-LNMO. But the lithium intercalation at this low potential is irreversible. Therefore, low the voltage cycling is only used for the first cycle, the released Li can be supplied to the negative electrode, and then the standard potential interval cycle is resumed.

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