One of the key areas for the development of new energy vehicles is wireless charging technology. Wireless charging is gradually replacing plug-and-socket charging as the primary method for charging power batteries. The idea behind new energy vehicles’ wireless charging technology is to transfer electric energy via a coupled electromagnet field. When compared to contact charging, wireless charging is more user-friendly and secure because it doesn’t pose a risk of electric shock or sparks, accumulates no dust or loses contact, doesn’t require mechanical wear and related maintenance, and can withstand a range of inclement weather conditions.
Under the assumption of guaranteeing driving mileage, wireless charging technology helps to achieve unmanned automatic charging and mobile charging, which implies that the power battery capacity required by new energy vehicles can be reduced, reducing vehicle weight and energy consumption. This also addresses the issue of high-cost constraints on large-capacity batteries, lowers the initial cost of ownership for new energy vehicles, and advances the marketization of these vehicles.
There are currently three different types of wireless charging technologies available for new energy vehicles: electromagnetic resonance, microwave, and electromagnetic induction.
Microwave wireless charging
Microwave wireless charging transmits electromagnetic energy wirelessly over open space using microwaves, which are electromagnetic waves with a frequency range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz. This technology has the ability to transform electrical energy into microwave, which is then transmitted over long distances by the transmitting antenna, received by the receiving antenna, and ultimately transformed back into electrical energy by rectifiers and other devices.
Electromagnetic induction wireless charging
Electromagnetic induction in order to realize electrical energy transmission technology completely isolated from the power supply and the new energy vehicle, wireless charging uses the principle of transformer magnetic coupling. This involves passing current through the original coil, changing the magnetic flux, and then stimulating the inductive electromotive force in the secondary coil.
Electromagnetic induction Wireless charging eliminates the need for contact sparks and exposed conductors, which are drawbacks of the conventional electric energy transmission mode in some specific environments (such as underwater, flammable and explosive, etc.). It also enables the safe and dependable transmission of electrical energy. It essentially needs to be pasted together because the transmission distance is very short, and the transmission efficiency is not high.
Electromagnetic resonance wireless charging
In electromagnetic resonance to accomplish wireless charging, electrical energy is transmitted via the transmission and receiving coils at the same resonance frequency.
Future wireless charging concept
In the future, we envision power supply units constructing roads and building projects to bury wireless charging chargers beneath public parking lots of apartments or communities, garages, and intersections. These units will also be able to establish a strong connection with solar panels or the power grid. The bottom of cars must have a wireless charging receiving device installed, and it must be connected to electronics like batteries. To attain versatility, the relevant national departments must also standardize the transmit and receive signal frequencies at the same time.
Research on control technology and circuit topology in wireless chargers for new energy cars has produced some results thus far. But before it can be widely used, a few important technological barriers must still be overcome. To address the issue of “uneven magnetic flux distribution” in the mobile charging system, for instance, an efficient method to increase the coupling coefficient of the transformer at a restricted size is researched in order to demonstrate the power energy conversion efficiency of the system. The development of high-power and low-frequency resonant wireless charging for new energy vehicles requires technical support, as does the exploration of electromagnetic resonance wireless charging technology and the study of its mathematical models, control characteristics, and optimization techniques.
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